Construction Of Automatic Voltage Regulator

Construction Of Automatic Voltage Regulator 1. Introduction Automatic voltage regulation is a process of converting the alternating voltage into a steady voltage. The device that is used to perform this process is known as an automatic voltage regulator(UST,2007,p1). An automatic voltage regulator is an electronic equipment that is used and designed to maintain the constant voltage level. This device prevent malfunctioning and damaging of the electrical equipment . Automatic voltage regulator uses electromechanical and electronic components of various types and designs. Automatic voltage regulator may include negative feedback control loops. The feedback voltage regulator operates by making comparison between the output voltage and input voltage.Electromechanical mechanism or electronic components are used in automatic voltage regulations. It can be used to regulate one or more AC (alternating current ) to DC voltage (direct current ).There are vast varieties of automatic voltage regulators depending on their types and size. 2. Construction of automatic voltage regulator The electronic voltage regulator is made in two different combinations i.e shunt and series regulator. In the shunt regulator, resistor is attached in parallel. In series regulator, resistance is attached in series. The diagrams below illustrate examples of series and shunt regulators. 2.1. Shunt Regulator It is not highly used for various applications. The current is drawn through the series resistor in order to maintain the constant level of voltage.Some current is passed through the load while the remaining current is passed through the shunt voltage regulator. These regulators are inefficient and are not widely used (Radio electronics,n.d,p1). 2.2. Series regulator The series regulators operate by using a variable element in series with the load. Due to this mechanism, the series voltage regulator provides an extremely efficient form of voltage regulation with the linear power supply (Radio electronics,n.d,p1). 3. Device which use Automatic Voltage Regulator Automatic voltage regulator is mostly used in computer power supplies in which DC voltage is stabilized. It is also used in automobile alternators and in central power station generation plants where automatic voltage regulators controls the output of the plant .In case of electric power distribution systems voltage regulators are installed at substations or along distribution lines so that all the users can receive constant and steady voltage . These regulators are also used in kitchens and in refrigerators(Meiji,n.d,p1). 4. Types of regulation The regulation is commonly calculated as constant. However, the regulation has been specified by two measurements (Robinson,2012,p1). 4.1. Load regulation: Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage of a voltage regulator for a given change in the load current. 4.2. Line Regulation Line regulation is the degree or amount to which an output voltage which changes with an input voltage. 5. Working of Automatic Voltage regulators 5.1. Basics An automatic voltage regulator is a device that is housed inside an electronic device. It is primarily used to maintain a consistent voltage level. It can regulate alternating as well as direct current. 5.2. How it works It works by estimating the output level of the voltage of the devices against the reference voltage inside the device. They normally take a specific range of the voltage levels and produce an output voltage of a narrow range. (ehow,2012,p1). The diagram below clearly illustrates this phenomenon. It shows a voltage regulator that takes an input voltage ranging from +10% to -25% and converts it into the regulated range of +3% to -3%. C:Documents and Settingskirmani babloDesktopnew.bmp Figure 🙠 Voltage Regulator) 6. Operations of Automatic Voltage Regulators Automatic voltage regulator is designed for both single and three phase alternating current applications. The phase and phase regulation has been classified into two types .The single phase voltage regulation is the best method as it provides balance phase to phase voltage level .In case of three phase regulation, large difference in voltage level causes failure of electronic and electric devices due to overheating and vibration. 6.1. Single Phase regulation The single phase regulators are used in units pole that are mounted outdoors .Single phase voltage regulators are combined together and they provide voltage regulation for three phase .The below mention figure is an example of single phase regulation. 6.2. Three Phase regulation Three phase regulator can regulate all three phases at once or it may regulate all the three phases independently .In three phase power, it has not been observed that one phase has very high voltage while other has low voltage .The below figure is an example of three phase regulation. 7. Different types of Automatic Voltage Regulator On the basis of size and design the automatic voltage regulator exists in different varieties some are mention below: The Ferroresonant Transformer (Type) Voltage Regulator The Mechanical (Type) Voltage Regulator The Electronic (Type) Voltage Regulator 8. The Ferro resonant Transformer (Type) Voltage Regulator This type of voltage regulator has been invented by Joseph Sola in the year of 1983.The change in design of ferroresonant is very minor .This type of regulators are extremely reliable in use. Presently, they are being replaced with the voltage regulators. 8.1 Operation of Ferro resonant transformer It operates on the principle of ferroresonance. It is based on the operation of transformer in the region of magnetic saturation. During this stage, high changes in the winding current leads to minor changes in magnetic flux. The winding current is proportional to the input voltage and magnetic flux is proportional to output voltage(UST,2007,p1). This shows that the purpose of automatic voltage regulator is being fulfilled by this method. The graph below exhibits the respective pattern. 8.1. Different types of Ferro resonant transformer The Ferro transformer voltage regulator is also known by various names. These names are Constant voltage transformer, Constant voltage regulator, Ferro resonant voltage regulator,Ferro resonant transformer,Ferro and CVT. 8.2. Properties of Ferro resonant Transformer (Type) Voltage Regulator Their sizes range from 30VA to 25KA. The input voltage in these regulators range from +10% to -20%. The voltage regulation in the output ranges from +1% to 3%. It has a single phase application only. It has the tendency of stepping up and down the level of voltage. The cooling media of such regulators is air. It is mostly located indoors and has as efficiency of almost 92%. 8.3. Discussion This type of regulator provides complete isolation of load equipment from line noise and surges. The output voltage regulation is very smooth .This type of regulators are very efficient and durable .The design of this type of regulator limits the amount of current to the load end. The electronic devices can be easily protected if ferroresonant voltage regulator is used in these devices. 9. The Mechanical (Type) Voltage Regulator The mechanical type voltage regulator has been used in the market since 50 years .This type of voltage regulator exits in different variety of design .The electronic devices which use this type of regulator have an outstanding ability of correcting voltage drop in distribution lines. Mechanical type voltage regulator uses two methods of operation. The first one is changing turns ratio and the second method is by changing the magnetic induction between primary and secondary coils of the transformer. 9.1 Operations of Mechanical Voltage Regulator There are various operations that occur inside mechanical voltage regulators. These processes include 9.2. Tap Changing Voltage Regulator Operation Tap changing is a process in which a transformer has equal number of the winding turns on the primary as well as the secondary side .The voltage at input side is equal to the voltage at output side. The changing of number of turns on the secondary side can result in changing the voltage. The ratio of the turns can be easily altered by changing the location of the physical connection as well (UST,2007,p1). The mechanical tap changing voltage regulator uses some kinds of motorized drive system to change the taps on the output of transformer . 9.3.Magnetic Induction Voltage Regulator Operation The output voltage in a transformer can be changed by making the physical change of primary turn and secondary turns relative to each other .The primary side of transformer generates a magnetic flux which induces current to flow in the secondary windings(UST,2007,p1) . Physically rearrangement of the turn of secondary within the flux field can change the amount of current induced and output voltage. This type of voltage regulator changes the orientation of the transformer secondary side with respect to the magnetic filed .The magnetic induction voltage regulator is similar to the motor which have the primary windings in a cylindrical stationary configuration just like stator and the output windings which are called as rotor . 9.4. Different names of mechanical voltage regulator The various names of mechanical voltage regulator are Mechanical tap changing regulator,Tap changer, Motorized variable transformer, Motor-driven variable autotransformer, Auto-boost regulator, Electromechanical voltage stabilizer, Step voltage regulator,On load tap changer, Motorized variac and Line drop compensator. 9.5. Mechanical Voltage Regulator Characteristics The power quality automatic voltage regulators are of tap switch or magnetic induction types. Their size varies from 1 to 1500 KVA. The nominal voltages are less than 600 volts. The input voltage range varies from +20% to _20%. The regulated output voltage is between 1% to 3%. It has single phase as well as three phase applications. They possess the ability of stepping up and down the voltage. They require air as the cooling media. They are located indoors as well as outdoors. Their efficiency is greater than 95%. The utility automatic voltage regulators are of tap switch type. Their size varies from 500 to 3500 KVA. They have nominal voltages up to 34.5 KV. The input voltage range is between +10% to _10%. The regulated output voltage is between the range of 0.6% to 2.5%. It can operate on single as well as three phases. They require oil as the cooling media. They are located outdoors. Their efficiency is greater than 95%. 9.6. Discussion It provides very accurate output voltage regulation. It provides wide choice of kVA rating, voltage and configuration. It can be easily applicable to outdoor applications. It has high tolerance to system faults and overload. It has high tolerance to power factor and frequency deviations. It has good line isolation. It is relatively inexpensive. The mechanical drive components, brushes and contactors needs regular maintenance and replacement (UST,2007,p1).The overloads can damage brushes. The speed of voltage correction might be not fast enough for electronic loads. 10. The Electronic (Type) Voltage Regulator Electronic voltage regulator has been used in industries and for various commercial applications because of its speed and extraordinary performance. The demand of electronic voltage regulator is greater as compare to mechanical voltage regulator. 10.1 Operations of electronic voltage regulator The operations of electronic voltage regulator are based on the principle of double conversion electronic voltage. 10.2. Double Conversion Electronic Voltage Regulator Operation The double conversion electronic voltage converts AC power supply to DC with the help of rectifier .The voltage regulation is done in two ways. The first method is to regulate DC voltage output from the rectifier. It is an economical method .The second method is to supply inverter with constant DC voltage and set the voltage level during converting back to alternating current in the inverter(UST,2007,p1) .The double conversion voltage regulators have a low tolerance to high load currents mostly above than normal rating of the unit. 10.3. Electronic Voltage Regulator Characteristics Electronic voltage regulators are basically design for indoor, low voltage applications . 10.4. Double Conversion Electronic Voltage Regulators Their sizes range from 3KVA to 400 KVA. The input voltage ranges from +10% to _25 % for the tap switchers and +10% to _15 % for UPS. The regulated output voltage is between the range of +/-1% to +/-5%. It can operate on single and three phase as well. It can easily regulate voltage up and down. The cooling media required for double conversion electronic voltage regulators is air. They are generally located indoors and have efficiency up to 95 percent. Size (kVA): 3 VA up to400 kVA Nominal Voltages: Common AC voltages 120, 208, 240 480 at 60 Hz Input Voltage Range: +10% to -25% for tap switchers and+10% to -15% for UPS (varies by manufacturer) Output Regulation: +/-1% to +/-5% Phase: Single and three phase Voltage Step Up/Down: Yes Cooling Media: Air Location: Indoor Efficiency: Up to 95 10.4. Discussion The output voltage regulation is very good. It possesses ultrafast voltage correction speed. It offers no restrictions on the number of correction cycles. It gives versatility in kVA rating, voltage and configuration. It needs very low or no regular maintenance. It has good line isolation. It has poor current overload capacity. It is more expensive than mechanical voltage regulators. 11. Conclusion The automatic voltage regulators are becoming of increase significance due to variety of reasons. They are extremely essential for maintaining the utility level of the voltage. They can drop the voltage due to their ability of voltage regulation. They are highly sensitive to voltage levels and they prevent any kind of fluctuations , thus help in ensuring that equipments do not suffer any kind of damage. The use of voltage regulators avoids and reduces the risks of overheating of equipments as well. The use of voltage regulators is constantly increasing with the passage of time.

Declaration For War In 1917 Essay -- essays research papers

Declaration for War in 1917   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Welcome fellow Senators. We are here today to discuss what the United States should do following Germany’s announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare and the sinking of the three American merchant ships. A resolution is put forth in front of the senators. The first section of the resolution says that: The U.S. Government authorizes President Wilson to use the Armed Forces of the Unit6ed States to wage war against the Nation of Germany. The second section says that: The U.S. Congress supports the president’s request for a declaration of war against the Nation of Germany. I fully agree with this resolution 100%. I agree with war against Germany, as I have said ever since the sinking of the Lusitania.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All this had started back in February of 1915 when Germany had stated its War Zone Policy. They said that neutral ships may enter the war zone at their own risk. President Wilson’s reaction to this was that the United States will take action if American lives or property are destroyed. In May of 1915, the Germans had torpedoed and sunk a British ship, The Lusitania. On that ship were 128 Americans, that had been killed. Instead of declaring war, which I had wanted, President Wilson sends out demands to the Germans. He demands a formal apology from Germany, money damages to the families of American victims that boarded the Lusitania, and he had made a remark that said, â€Å" The U.S. Government shall demand that the German Government pledge to follow international law with regard to the use of their submarines. Any future violation of international law shall be regarded as a deliberately unfriendly action against the United States.† After this, Presi dent Wilson asks for an increase in military spending, but the Congress had refused. The Germans abide by this for 10 months. After these 10 months, in March 1916, the Germans had sunk another ship, the French fairy boat, The Sussex. 5 Americans were killed in this sinking. Instead of declaring war, like I had wanted again, or even breaking diplomatic ties, President Wilson threatened to break diplomatic ties with Germany. The Germans issue the Sussex Pledge. In this, they promise not to sink passenger ships and merchant ships without warning and without saving human lives. They abide by this pledge for 10 months. After that, Ger... ...at he believes that the United States would be going to war for Wall Street. He says that American corporations want this war. They have sold over 300 million dollars worth of munitions to nations of war, and if the United States would enter the war, they would be in financial heaven. I do not believe, as an American citizen, that we would be going to war for Wall Street. We would be going to war for national pride, because the Germans had killed innocent civilian lives of neutral nations, and because the Germans had violated international law numerous times. I do not agree, at all, with Representative Lindberg.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My fellow Senators, I remind you again my reasons for going to war. For national pride, for the killing of innocent American lives, for the violation of international law, for the plot of war against the United States, and because of the increasing public opinion for war. We have given Germany 4 too many chances, which they had totally violated and taken advantage of. It is finally time to do something about these â€Å"unfriendly actions† taken against us. Again Senators, I urge you to vote â€Å"YES† to this resolution and declare war against Germany.

Abnormal psychology/depression Essay

Serotonin – A neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, appetite, and impulsive and aggressive behaviour. Definitions taken from www. allpsyc. com/dictionary If a person’s serotonin is too low it then results in depression. All three neurotransmitters must work together on an even level in order for the brain to function properly. It has been proven through autopsy results that low serotonin is apparent in a depressed person. However, this does not prove weather depression causes the serotonin level to drop or if low serotonin causes depression. Sigmund Freud described depression as a human response to loss. The psychodynamic approach to depression explains that the feelings of an adult reflect on the experiences of a child. If for example a child suffers the loss of their mother during childhood, this results in adult depression. Freud also argued that depression relates to early relationships with parents. Hostile feelings towards the parents are redirected towards the self resulting in hatred of the self. Feelings of depression can arise from lack of affection and love during childhood. Trauma of a child re-emerges in adulthood in the form of depression. According to Freud, the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind can come into conflict with one another, producing phenomena called repression (a state where you are unaware of having certain troubling motives, wishes or desires but they influence you negatively just the same). In general, psychodynamic theories suggest that a person must successfully resolve early developmental conflict in order to overcome repression and achieve mental health. Mental illness, on the other hand, is a failure to resolve these conflicts. Abraham in 1911 suggested that depression was the result of the anger felt towards a rejected loved one. The psychodynamic approach to depression is supported by the point that childhood loss predicts later vulnerability to depression. A cognitive approach to depression, suggest that depression is a state of mind. A person becomes depressed because of the way they think and feel. Cognitive – behaviour theory is different to that of Seligman and Abramson’s ‘hopelessness theory’ which suggests that people learn from childhood that they are powerless to control what becomes of them, as a result adults become passive and helpless. Beck in 1991 developed the cognitive – behavioural theory of depression. He argued that depression stems from negative thinking. â€Å"Depressed people suffer from a cognitive triad of negative beliefs about themselves, their future and their past experiences. † Giles B (2002:108) A cognitive triad of negative thinking: A negative view of the self A negative view of the world A negative view of the future Beck suggested that people who are prone to depression have developed a ‘self-critical’ and negative way of thinking and feeling towards themselves. Beck believes that negative thinking starts in childhood and is a result of been brought up by critical negative parents with whom the child identifies. Beck suggested that as a result of these early experiences the child develops into adulthood with a negative self schema. Both cognitive and psychodynamic approaches to depression suggest the childhood experience is the route of depression. Freud’s theory suggests that depression is a result of the loss of a mother or perhaps a negative upbringing, Beck suggested almost the same as he suggested that a negative family encourages a person to become depressed. Both theories’ hold the majority of responsibility on the upbringing of a child. However, if this as the case, all children in negative households would then become depressed. Freud’s research on depression was limited due to the year of study. At the time in history it was the norm for a family to be cared for by the mother. This is not always the case in today’s society, given this would children having suffered the loss of a father also suffer depression in adulthood. Biological theories do appear to have an influence on depression. Twin studies and family studies do demonstrate likelihood that depression is genetic. However, genes alone do not cause depression; if this was the case then every child born into a depressive family would there for become depressed. This suggests that depression does have a link with genetics but it also needs other aspects to initiate depression. Beck’s theory of depression has it’s strengths as it is supported by a large amount of research indicating that depression is in fact influenced by negative thinking. However, is negative thinking the cause of depression or is it depression that causes a person to think negatively? If depression causes a person to think negatively is it then that depression is a result of chemical conflict? Serotonin levels must remain on an even level to enable a person’s mood to stay stable. Serotonin levels drop in that of a depressed person. Yet it is unknown whether a low serotonin level causes depression or weather depression causes a low serotonin level. It remains unknown weather depression is in fact a result of biological factors or psychological factors. Each person suffers from depression in their own way. There is evidence to suggest that depression runs in families, but a family free from depression can have a depressed person amongst them. A happy family home, with two loving parents can also have a depressed child. In conclusion to this assignment, what causes depression? Given the research , evidence and the limitations of the theories surrounding depression it becomes fair to say that depression holds many reasons and is not only influenced by one factor and can in fact be a result of many. BIBLOGRAPHY M Birchwood & C Jackson (2001) CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY modular course schizophrenia East Sussex Psychology Press M Cardwell et al (2001) PSYCHOLOGY for A2 Level Hammersmith HarperCollins Publishers Limited J Cullberg (2006) PSYCHOSES An integrated perspective London Routledge C Frith & E Johnstone (2003) SCHIZOPHRENIA a very short introduction London Oxford University Press B Giles (2002) ABNORMAL PSYCHOLGY Rochester Grange Books plc R Gross (2001) PSYCHOLOGY The science of mind and behaviour London Hodder and Stoughton. S Moore (2002) SOCIAL WELFARE ALIVE third edition Cheltenham Nelson Thornes Ltd www. abnormalpsy. org/disorderlinks/depression 20/03/2008 www. bbc. co. uk/health/conditions/depression1. shtml 20/03/2008 www. bupa. co. uk/ 20/03/2008 www. clinical-depression. co. uk 22/03/2008 www. depressionalliance. org 22/03/2008 www. depression-therapist. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. fightingdepression. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. mind. org. uk 22/03/2008 www. mentalhealth. org. uk 22/03/2008 www. mentalhealthproject. com/ 20/03/2008 www.nhsdirect. nhs. uk/article 20/03/2008 www. overcomedepression. co. uk 22/03/2008. REFERENCE M Cardwell et al (2001) PSYCHOLOGY for A2 Level Hammersmith HarperCollins Publishers Limited J Cullberg (2006) PSYCHOSES An integrated perspective London Routledge B Giles (2002) ABNORMAL PSYCHOLGY Rochester Grange Books plc www. abnormalpsy. org/disorderlinks/depression 20/03/2008 www. bbc. co. uk/health/conditions/depression1. shtml 20/03/2008 www. fightingdepression. co. uk 20/03/2008 www. nhsdirect. nhs. uk/article 20/03/2008.

Social Media s Influence On Today s Generation - 1425 Words

Social Media’s Influence on Today’s Generation Amidst today’s society it is hard to imagine that just fifteen years ago people actually communicated by email, and even that was uncommon. Now everybody is in constant communication with people from social media, and the new highly advanced technology that is constantly being created. Experts predict that by 2020 the world wide information base will double every seventy three days (Online Social Networking p.g 6). Basically all the advanced technology and resources are going to get worse than what they already are. People spend more time on their cellular devices then they do experiencing the actual world and what is presently around them. Social media is becoming dangerous, and is something that people, especially today’s generation, need to spend less time on. Even though people spend too much time on these devices, supporters say that they can be useful in some criterias. 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High Performing Innovative And Creative Individual With...

PROFESSIONAL SUMMARY High-performing innovative and creative individual with over 20 years of experience in a competitive and fast-paced technical environment. Participated and led several intensive product developments. Dependable Product Developer bringing management experience and a willingness to take on added responsibility to meet tight deadlines. Enthusiastic team player with a strong work ethic and advanced complex problem-solving skills. Engineering Manager dedicated to continuous process improvement in the face of rapidly evolving and changing markets. Extremely results-oriented and proactive in addressing and resolving problems. Talented leader focused on process improvement and on-time project delivery. Developed multiple products with DfX principles with objectives such as cost, manufacturability, serviceability, maintainability and usability. Tech-savvy Project Manager versed in all aspects of project management from inception to completion as well as a very good technical know-how. Excels in recruiting and talent acquisition, as well as process re-engineering and improvement. SKILLS ï‚ § Multi-discipline Product Engineering ï‚ § Product Development ï‚ § Engineering Management ï‚ § Project Management ï‚ § Cross-functional Team Leadership ï‚ § Deadline-oriented WORK HISTORY HIFINITE SYSTEMS - San Diego/San Francisco, CA Medical startup focusing on optimizing hospital processes by collecting patient data from Medical IoT sensors Management Consultant, May 2016 – CurrentShow MoreRelatedEmployee Engagement Is The Active Pursuit Of These Objectives Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesJob involvement is the degree to which an employee is engaged in and enthusiastic about performing their work. 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Globalization and Cultural Homogenization Essay - 1497 Words

The rapid development of economic globalization and cultural globalization enhances cultural transaction between different countries. Even though in this process culture between different countries still has its own characteristic on the whole, the cultural homogenization has been presented in social life, especially in the media industry. This essay will discuss the definition of globalization and cultural homogenization, and the popularity of Hollywood movies in China, the phenomenon of convergence of TV programmers between different countries and Japanese anime elements in video games around the world will be given as examples to demonstrate the homogenization of media culture. Culture includes many aspects in people’s daily life such†¦show more content†¦According to McChesney (2001), The rapid development of information technology further accelerates the process of globalization. It is easier for people to get media sources from different countries online for entertainment. From the page design to the organization of the content and the various functions of scheduling, the designing of many website have a high degree of consistency. People prefer to watch high clicking rate programs in Internet. National TV station also promotes to make the popular TV shows in order to improve the audience rating. In the process of TV program making, cultural and art workers’ copy or clone becomes a safe and efficient way in media. As a consequence, globalization makes media cultural homogenization a general form in media programs. For instance, the most influential media cultural phenomenon in 2012 is â€Å"The Voice†- a singing competition show began in the Netherlands to choose good singers from the public. Audiences were attracted by its novel and exciting competition mode. It had high click rating in the YouTube and achieved a great success in the world wide media industry. 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Leonardo Da Vinci Example For Students

Leonardo Da Vinci Biography Biography Painting is poetry that is seen rather than felt, and poetry is painting that is felt rather than seen. Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) Leonardo da Vinci is considered to be one of the most famous artists of all times. By being one of the creators of High Renaissance art in Italy, he is renowned as a master of oil painting, including the painterly techniques of chiaroscuro and sfumato, which the talented painter used while working on his masterpiece, Mona Lisa. He was good in artwork, sculpting, constructing, building design, science and definitely deserves his name to be remembered along with other genius people of the Renaissance era. Leonardo da Vinci was born in a family of a well-known Italian attorney, Ser Piero on April 15, 1452, in Anchiano. His house was nestled near the town of Vinci that provided the last name we associate with the legendary artist today. Leonardo’s mother, Caterina, married another man and a little boy started to live with the family of his father. Leonardo didn’t go to formal school and got an informal education in math, geometry, and Latin. A child was incredibly gifted, and his talents in drawing and painting were noticed by everyone who had an opportunity to work with him. A wide number of special skills da Vinci picked up from a well-known artist Verrocchio. By being an apprentice, Leonardo learned metallurgy and leather arts as well as polished the skills he acquired earlier. When he was 20, he became one of the members of the painters’ guild of Florence. Leonardo also cooperated with Verrocchio on his painting â€Å"Baptism of Christ† at the same time. There are other works of his dating that time. The first one is Ginevra de Benci, depicted in 1474. It is the female portrait of the seventeen years old Ginevra de’ Benci with the blurred sky, trees, and mountains on the background. As reported by historians da Vinci’s favorite subject to paint was Madonna and Child. He depicted several paintings on this theme along with a number of sketches and drawings. Painted on 1478, Benois Madonna is a gaudy portrait of Madonna and a Child showing love and tenderness to each other. One of the other works created during this period was a Saint Jerome (1480). Leonardo painted Saint Jerome kneeling in a humble posture near the cross of Christ in the desert. This work illustrates the difficult period in the life of the artist, which can be compared to a desert and drought without water and rain. In 1478, Leonardo began to work independently and received his first task for an altarpiece in a chapel inside Florence’s Palazzo Vecchio, which was never completed. In 1482, Florentine ruler Lorenzo de Medici asked da Vinci to design a silver lyre for Ludovico Sforza. During that time Leonardo demonstrated his engineering knowledge by sketching different war machines to be built. A young talent also created a lofty equestrian statue, in bronze, to honor dynasty founder Francesco Sforza that took 12 years to execute. Da Vinci was incredibly gifted in science and art. Moreover, he did not see a division between them. He said that the combination of both helped him to become a better artist. While living in Milan, Leonardo started to paint â€Å"The Last Supper† mural composition. This work was a renovation to the church delegated by Ludovico Sforza. Da Vinci represented the scene of The Last Supper of Jesus with his twelve disciples, as it is described in the Gospel of John, 13:21. After the downfall of his patron Ludovico Sforza in 1499, Leonardo Da Vinci escaped to Venice and then to Florence. There he gave birth to one more series of portraits included â€Å"La Gioconda† or â€Å"Mona Lisa.† This exquisite work of High Renaissance portrait art is named after its subject, Lisa del Giocondo, born Lisa Gherardini, the wife of a Florentine merchant. Painted between approximately 1503 and 1506, â€Å"Mona Lisa† is an instant of total illumination, carried with equal intensity through to the rocks and sky in the background. The artist draws the mysterious smile of Mona Lisa to shed some of light on the portrait. Those who appreciate the power of art also noted the enigmatic quality of the woman depicted in her eyes and corners of the mouth. The detail of the face shows the effect of sfumato technique used by da Vinci as his signature. â€Å"Mona Lisa† is the only Leonardo da Vinci’s portrait from that period of his life that surv ived. It is housed at the Louvre Museum in Paris, France, where it attracts millions of visitors. .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c , .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c .postImageUrl , .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c , .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c:hover , .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c:visited , .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c:active { border:0!important; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c:active , .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u452be519392cbb41c38143883ece943c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Juan de ParejaLeonardo wanted to reproduce gestures and movements more accurately, and thus, he started studying the anatomy of human and animal bodies. Besides, he devoted his time to study botany, geology, zoology, hydraulics, aeronautics, and physics. Da Vinci conducted scientific observations and had a few papers and notebooks where he noted all his theoretical comments. At the last years of his life, Leonardo returned to Milan to work for the French rulers who had overtaken the city. Despite the fact that those years he dedicated to scientific studies, he did a little painting and had a few students.   Later, in 1513 he relocated to Rome. At this age, he produced only one painting, the â€Å"Saint John the Baptist.† The piece depicts Saint John the Baptist in isolation. Through a use of chiaroscuro, the figure appears to emerge from the shadowy background. Saint John is dressed in pelts, has long curly hair, and is smiling resembles the one of ‘Mona Lisa.† This painting expresses the extreme consequences of Leonardos treatment of light; the light is continuously filtered from the dark background to the more prominent planes in the foreground, and itself becomes an expression of space and physiognomy, merging with the figure and the face, as it leans forward and smiles enigmatically, and with the symbolic raising of the finger; this is no longer a voice crying in the wilderness but the guardian and witness of an initiatory secret, a means to the comprehension of the essence of humanity and hence the cosmic essence. In 1515 the new French monarch offered da Vinci the title â€Å"Premier Painter and Engineer and Architect to the King.† Leonardo da Vinci died on May 2, 1519, at the age of 67. His impact on art is tremendous. He is known as an artist who permanently enriched western culture.